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My mistake was doing the deed on the first date for having to really like the guy which happens not very often. The high drama web series, sponsored by Biore, Garnier Fructis, and VerveGirl Magazine, ended in March 2013 with a reunion special. It is estimated that in 2007 YouTube consumed as much as the entire Internet in 2000. Promotion of conspiracy theories and fringe discourse YouTube has been criticized for using an algorithm that gives great prominence to videos that promote conspiracy theories, falsehoods and incendiary fringe discourse.
In October 2010, Hurley announced that he would be stepping down as the chief executive officer of YouTube to take an advisory role, with taking over as the head of the company. In North 2009, a similar dispute led to the removal of premium music videos for users in Germany. Henchmen present procedures for the more of the related, scheduling, and pre-race and therefore-race retreats. Retrieved May 14, 2013. Alex Jones, known for far-right conspiracy theories, has built a massive audience on YouTube. In north April 2017, the YouTube channel presented evidence claiming that dating youtube article had fabricated screenshots showing major brand advertising on an offensive video dating youtube music overlaid on a music video, citing that the video itself had not earned any ad revenue for the uploader. This behavior shows that you have no u over your Sexual urges and we will treat you like a piece of meat with no emotions and dump you easily 3. I've never even met you. On November 3, 2016, YouTube announced a trial scheme which allows the creators of videos to decide whether to pan, hide or report the comments posted on videos based on an that detects potentially offensive comments. Nothing is more of a turn off than a woman that has nothing going for her.
Retrieved January 16, 2018. The creation of live streams was initially limited to select partners. According to YouTube, this was the first worldwide free online broadcast of a major sporting event.
Youtube dating sites - Retrieved March 22, 2012. Retrieved March 25, 2017.
Content license Uploader holds copyright standard license ; can be selected. The service was created by three former employees—, , and —in February 2005. YouTube allows users to upload, view, rate, share, add to favorites, report, comment on , and. It offers a wide variety of and videos. Available content includes , clips, , and films, audio recordings, , , and other content such as , short original videos, and. Most of the content on YouTube is uploaded by individuals, but media corporations including , the , , and offer some of their material via YouTube as part of the YouTube partnership program. Unregistered users can only watch videos on the site, while registered users are permitted to an unlimited number of videos and add comments to videos. Videos deemed potentially inappropriate are available only to registered users affirming themselves to be at least 18 years old. YouTube earns advertising revenue from , a program which targets ads according to site content and audience. The vast majority of its videos are free to view, but there are exceptions, including subscription-based premium channels, film rentals, as well as , a subscription service offering ad-free access to the website and access to exclusive content made in partnership with existing users. As of February 2017 , there are more than 400 hours of content uploaded to YouTube each minute, and one billion hours of content are watched on YouTube every day. As of August 2017 , the website is ranked as the second-most popular site in the world by , a web traffic analysis company. From left to right: , and , the founders of YouTube YouTube was founded by , , and , who were all early employees of. Hurley had studied design at , and Chen and Karim studied together at the. According to a story that has often been repeated in the media, Hurley and Chen developed the idea for YouTube during the early months of 2005, after they had experienced difficulty sharing videos that had been shot at a dinner party at Chen's apartment in San Francisco. Karim said the inspiration for YouTube first came from 's role in the 2004 , when her breast was exposed during her performance, and later from the. Karim could not easily find video clips of either event online, which led to the idea of a video sharing site. Hurley and Chen said that the original idea for YouTube was a video version of an , and had been influenced by the website. YouTube's early headquarters were situated above a pizzeria and Japanese restaurant in. The first YouTube video, titled , shows co-founder Jawed Karim at the. The video was uploaded on April 23, 2005, and can still be viewed on the site. YouTube offered the public a beta test of the site in May 2005. The first video to reach one million views was a advertisement featuring in November 2005. The site grew rapidly and, in July 2006, the company announced that more than 65,000 new videos were being uploaded every day, and that the site was receiving 100 million video views per day. According to data published by market research company , YouTube is the dominant provider of online video in the United States, with a of around 43% and more than 14 billion views of videos in May 2010. In May 2011, 48 hours of new videos were uploaded to the site every minute, which increased to 60 hours every minute in January 2012, 100 hours every minute in May 2013, 300 hours every minute in November 2014, and 400 hours every minute in February 2017. As of January 2012, the site had 800 million unique users a month. It is estimated that in 2007 YouTube consumed as much as the entire Internet in 2000. According to third-party web analytics providers, and , YouTube is the second-most visited website in the world, as of December 2016 ; SimilarWeb also lists YouTube as the top TV and video website globally, attracting more than 15 billion visitors per month. In October 2006, YouTube moved to a new office in. The choice of the name www. The site's owner, , filed a lawsuit against YouTube in November 2006 after being regularly overloaded by people looking for YouTube. Universal Tube has since changed the name of its website to www. In October 2006, Inc. YouTube's headquarters in San Bruno, California In March 2010, YouTube began free streaming of certain content, including 60 cricket matches of the. According to YouTube, this was the first worldwide free online broadcast of a major sporting event. On March 31, 2010, the YouTube website launched a new design, with the aim of simplifying the interface and increasing the time users spend on the site. This increased to three billion in May 2011, and four billion in January 2012. In February 2017, one billion hours of YouTube was watched every day. In October 2010, Hurley announced that he would be stepping down as chief executive officer of YouTube to take an advisory role, and that would take over as head of the company. In April 2011, James Zern, a YouTube software engineer, revealed that 30% of videos accounted for 99% of views on the site. In November 2011, the social networking site was integrated directly with YouTube and the web browser, allowing YouTube videos to be viewed from within the Google+ interface. YouTube logo from 2015 until 2017 In December 2011, YouTube launched a new version of the site interface, with the video channels displayed in a central column on the home page, similar to the news feeds of social networking sites. At the same time, a new version of the YouTube logo was introduced with a darker shade of red, the first change in design since October 2006. In May 2013, YouTube launched a pilot program for content providers to offer premium, subscription-based channels within the platform. In February 2014, was appointed of YouTube. In February 2015, YouTube released a secondary mobile app known as. The app is designed to provide an experience optimized for children. It features a simplified user interface, curated selections of channels featuring age-appropriate content, and parental control features. Later on August 26, 2015, YouTube launched YouTube Gaming—a -oriented vertical and app for videos and live streaming, intended to compete with the -owned. In October 2015, YouTube announced , a new premium service that would offer ad-free access to all content on the platform succeeding the Music Key service released the previous year , premium original series and films produced by YouTube personalities, as well as background playback of content on mobile devices. YouTube also released , a third app oriented towards streaming and discovering the music content hosted on the YouTube platform. The complex has 554,000 square feet of space and can house up to 2,800 employees. On August 29, 2017, YouTube officially launched a redesign of its user interfaces based on language, as well a redesigned logo that is built around the service's play button emblem. On April 3, 2018, took place at YouTube's headquarters in San Bruno, California. On May 17, 2018, YouTube announced the re-branding of YouTube Red as YouTube Premium accompanied by a major expansion of the service into Canada and 13 European markets , as well as the upcoming launch of a separate YouTube Music subscription. It has been suggested that this section be out into another article titled. February 2018 Video technology YouTube primarily uses the and video formats, and the protocol. In January 2010, YouTube launched an experimental version of the site that used the built-in multimedia capabilities of web browsers supporting the standard. This allowed videos to be viewed without requiring Adobe Flash Player or any other plug-in to be installed. The YouTube site had a page that allowed supported browsers to opt into the HTML5 trial. Only browsers that supported HTML5 Video using the with video or with video formats could play the videos, and not all videos on the site were available. On January 27, 2015, YouTube announced that HTML5 would be the default playback method on. YouTube used to employ , but with the switch to HTML5 video now streams video using MPEG-DASH , an adaptive bit-rate HTTP-based streaming solution optimizing the bitrate and quality for the available network. Uploading All YouTube users can upload videos up to 15 minutes each in duration. Users who have a good track record of complying with the site's Community Guidelines may be offered the ability to upload videos up to 12 hours in length, as well as live streams, which requires verifying the account, normally through a mobile phone. When YouTube was launched in 2005, it was possible to upload longer videos, but a ten-minute limit was introduced in March 2006 after YouTube found that the majority of videos exceeding this length were unauthorized uploads of television shows and films. The 10-minute limit was increased to 15 minutes in July 2010. In the past, it was possible to upload videos longer than 12 hours. Videos can be at most 128 in size. Video captions are made using technology when uploaded. Such captioning is usually not perfectly accurate, so YouTube provides several options for manually entering the captions for greater accuracy. YouTube accepts videos that are uploaded in most , including , , , and. It supports files and also , allowing videos to be uploaded from mobile phones. Videos with or interlaced scanning can be uploaded, but for the best video quality, YouTube suggests interlaced videos be before uploading. All the video formats on YouTube use progressive scanning. YouTube's statistics shows that interlaced videos are still being uploaded to YouTube, and there is no sign of that actually dwindling. YouTube attributes this to uploading of made-for-TV content. Quality and formats YouTube originally offered videos at only one quality level, displayed at a resolution of 320×240 using the codec a variant of , with mono MP3 audio. In June 2007, YouTube added an option to watch videos in format on mobile phones. In March 2008, a high-quality mode was added, which increased the resolution to 480×360 pixels. In November 2008, support was added. At the time of the 720p launch, the YouTube player was changed from a to a. With this new feature, YouTube began a switchover to as its default video compression format. In November 2009, HD support was added. In July 2010, YouTube announced that it had launched a range of videos in format, which allows a resolution of up to 4096×3072 pixels. In June 2015, support for was added, with the videos playing at 7680×4320 pixels. In November 2016, support for was added which can be encoded with HLG or PQ. HDR video can be encoded with the color space. In June 2014, YouTube introduced videos playing at 60 , in order to reproduce video games with a frame rate comparable to high-end. The videos play back at a resolution of 720p or higher. YouTube videos are available in a range of quality levels. The former names of standard quality SQ , high quality HQ , and high definition HD have been replaced by numerical values representing the vertical resolution of the video. Live streaming YouTube carried out early experiments with , including a concert by in 2009, and a question-and-answer session with US President in February 2010. These tests had relied on technology from 3rd-party partners, but in September 2010, YouTube began testing its own live streaming infrastructure. The creation of live streams was initially limited to select partners. It was used for real-time broadcasting of events such as the 2012 Olympics in London. In October 2012, more than 8 million people watched 's as a live stream on YouTube. In May 2013, creation of live streams was opened to verified users with at least 1,000 subscribers; in August of that year the number was reduced to 100 subscribers, and in December the limit was removed. In February 2017, live streaming was introduced to the official YouTube mobile app. Live streaming via mobile was initially restricted to users with at least 10,000 subscribers, but as of mid-2017 it has been reduced to 100 subscribers. Live streams can be up to 4K resolution at 60 fps, and also support 360° video. In May 2011, an version of the YouTube player began supporting side-by-side 3D footage that is compatible with. On March 13, 2015, YouTube enabled 360° videos which can be viewed from , a system. YouTube 360 can also be viewed from all other headsets. Live streaming of 360° video at up to 4K resolution is also supported. Prior to the release, several creators had been consulted to suggest tools Community could incorporate that they would find useful; these YouTubers included , , , , , , The Kloons, , , , Threadbanger and Vsauce3. Content accessibility YouTube offers users the ability to view its videos on web pages outside their website. Each YouTube video is accompanied by a piece of that can be used to embed it on any page on the Web. This functionality is often used to embed YouTube videos in social networking pages and blogs. On August 27, 2013, YouTube announced that it would remove video responses for being an underused feature. Embedding, rating, commenting and response posting can be disabled by the video owner. YouTube does not usually offer a download link for its videos, and intends for them to be viewed through its website interface. A small number of videos, can be downloaded as files. Numerous third-party web sites, applications and browser allow users to download YouTube videos. In February 2009, YouTube announced a test service, allowing some partners to offer video downloads for free or for a fee paid through. In June 2012, Google sent letters threatening legal action against several websites offering online download and conversion of YouTube videos. In response, removed the ability to download YouTube videos from its site. Users retain copyright of their own work, but have the option to grant certain usage rights under any they choose. Since July 2012, it has been possible to select a license as the default, allowing other users to reuse and remix the material. Platforms Most modern are capable of accessing YouTube videos, either within an application or through an optimized website. YouTube Mobile was launched in June 2007, using streaming for the video. Not all of YouTube's videos are available on the mobile version of the site. Since June 2007, YouTube's videos have been available for viewing on a range of products. This required YouTube's content to be transcoded into Apple's preferred video standard, , a process that took several months. YouTube videos can be viewed on devices including , and the. In July 2010, the mobile version of the site was relaunched based on , avoiding the need to use Adobe Flash Player and optimized for use with touch screen controls. The mobile version is also available as an app for the Android platform. In September 2012, YouTube launched its first app for the iPhone, following the decision to drop YouTube as one of the preloaded apps in the iPhone 5 and iOS 6 operating system. According to , YouTube was used by 35% of smartphone users between April and June 2013, making it the third-most used app. A service update in July 2008 allowed the system to search and play YouTube videos. In June 2009, YouTube XL was introduced, which has a simplified interface designed for viewing on a standard television screen. YouTube is also available as an app on. On November 15, 2012, Google launched an official app for the Wii, allowing users to watch YouTube videos from the Wii channel. An app is also available for and , and videos can be viewed on the using HTML5. Google made YouTube available on the player on December 17, 2013, and, in October 2014, the Sony. Localization On June 19, 2007, Google CEO was in Paris to launch the new system. The interface of the website is available with localized versions in 89 countries, one territory Hong Kong and a worldwide version. Countries with YouTube localization Country Language s Launch date and worldwide launch February 15, 2005 June 19, 2007 , and June 19, 2007 June 19, 2007 June 19, 2007 June 19, 2007 June 19, 2007 June 19, 2007 , , , and June 19, 2007 June 19, 2007 October 11, 2007 , and October 17, 2007 October 18, 2007 October 22, 2007 October 22, 2007 , and November 6, 2007 November 8, 2007 November 13, 2007 January 23, 2008 , , , , , , , , , and May 7, 2008 September 16, 2008 October 9, 2008 October 22, 2008 , , and May 17, 2010 September 8, 2010 , and March 9, 2011 March 9, 2011 March 9, 2011 , and March 9, 2011 March 9, 2011 , and March 9, 2011 March 9, 2011 , and September 1, 2011 , and October 13, 2011 , , , and October 20, 2011 , , and November 16, 2011 November 30, 2011 December 2, 2011 December 7, 2011 January 20, 2012 February 29, 2012 , and March 22, 2012 March 25, 2012 , and April 1, 2012 May 1, 2012 , and May 17, 2012 June 5, 2012 , and July 4, 2012 October 1, 2012 December 13, 2012 February 1, 2013 , and February 1, 2013 February 1, 2013 , , and March 29, 2013 March 29, 2013 April 18, 2013 April 25, 2013 April 25, 2013 August 16, 2013 August 16, 2013 August 16, 2013 August 16, 2013 , , and March 17, 2014 March 17, 2014 March 17, 2014 March 17, 2014 March 17, 2014 March 17, 2014 , , and March 17, 2014 , and March 17, 2014 March 17, 2014 March 17, 2014 April 1, 2014 May 1, 2014 , and August 23, 2014? The interface of the YouTube website is available in 76 language versions, including Amharic, Albanian, Armenian, Bengali, Burmese, Khmer, Kyrgyz, Laotian, Mongolian, Persian and Uzbek, which do not have local channel versions. Access to YouTube was blocked in between 2008 and 2010, following controversy over the posting of videos deemed insulting to and some material offensive to Muslims. In October 2012, a local version of YouTube was launched in Turkey, with the domain youtube. The local version is subject to the content regulations found in Turkish law. In March 2009, a dispute between YouTube and the British royalty collection agency led to premium music videos being blocked for YouTube users in the United Kingdom. The removal of videos posted by the major record companies occurred after failure to reach agreement on a licensing deal. The dispute was resolved in September 2009. In April 2009, a similar dispute led to the removal of premium music videos for users in Germany. YouTube Premium Main article: YouTube Premium formerly YouTube Red is YouTube's premium subscription service. On October 28, 2015, the service was re-launched as YouTube Red, offering ad-free streaming of all videos, as well as access to exclusive original content. As of November 2016 , the service has 1. As of June 2017 , the first season of YouTube Red Originals had gotten 250 million views in total. However, YouTube itself has not confirmed the deal. On September 28, 2016, YouTube named , the co-founder of and former executive, the Global Head of Music. In early 2018, Cohen began hinting at the possible launch of YouTube's new subscription music streaming service, a platform that would compete with other services such as and. The service is expected to be launched in March 2018. Initially launching in five major markets , , , and on April 5, 2017, the service offers live streams of programming from the five major broadcast networks , , , and , as well as approximately 40 cable channels owned by the corporate parents of those networks, , , , and including among others , , , , , , , , , and. Subscribers can also receive and as optional add-ons for an extra fee, and can access original content YouTube TV does not include a YouTube Red subscription. During the in which it was the presenting sponsor , YouTube TV ads were placed behind the home plate. The trademarked red play button logo appeared at the center of the screen, mimicking YouTube's interface. YouTube Go YouTube Go is an app aimed at making YouTube easier to access on mobile devices in. It is distinct from the company's main Android app and allows videos to be downloaded and shared with other users. It also allows users to preview videos, share downloaded videos through , and offers more options for mobile data control and. YouTube announced the project in September 2016 at an event in. It was launched in India in February 2017, and expanded in November 2017 to 14 other countries, including , , , , , the , , and. It was rolled out in 130 countries worldwide, including , , , and on February 1, 2018. The app is available to around 60% of the world's population. ISNI In 2018, YouTube became an registry, and announced its intention to begin creating ISNI identifiers to uniquely identify the musicians whose videos it features. April Fools YouTube featured an prank on the site on April 1 of every year. In 2012, clicking on the image of a DVD next to the site logo led to a video about a purported option to order every YouTube video for home delivery on DVD. In 2013, YouTube teamed up with satirical newspaper company to claim that the video sharing website was launched as a contest which had finally come to an end, and would announce a winner of the contest when the site went back up in 2023. In 2016, YouTube introduced an option to watch every video on the platform in 360-degree mode with. Main article: Both private individuals and large production companies have used YouTube to grow audiences. Independent content creators have built grassroots followings numbering in the thousands at very little cost or effort, while mass retail and radio promotion proved problematic. Concurrently, celebrities moved into the website at the invitation of a YouTube management that witnessed early content creators accruing substantial followings, and perceived audience sizes potentially larger than that attainable by television. In 2013 ' Katheryn Thayer asserted that digital-era artists' work must not only be of high quality, but must elicit reactions on the YouTube platform and social media. Videos of the 2. By early 2013 had announced that it was factoring YouTube streaming data into calculation of the and related genre charts. The study also concluded that YouTube was becoming an important platform by which people acquire news. YouTube has enabled people to more directly engage with government, such as in the 2007 in which ordinary people submitted questions to U. Conversely, YouTube has also allowed government to more easily engage with citizens, the 's official YouTube channel being the seventh top news organization producer on YouTube in 2012 and in 2013 a healthcare exchange commissioned Obama impersonator 's YouTube music video spoof to encourage young Americans to enroll in the -compliant health insurance. In February 2014, U. Whereas YouTube's inherent ability to allow presidents to directly connect with average citizens was noted, the YouTube content creators' savvy was perceived necessary to better cope with the website's distracting content and fickle audience. Some YouTube videos have themselves had a direct effect on world events, such as 2012 which spurred internationally. TED curator Chris Anderson described a phenomenon by which geographically distributed individuals in a certain field share their independently developed skills in YouTube videos, thus challenging others to improve their own skills, and spurring invention and evolution in that field. The anti-bullying expanded from a single YouTube video directed to discouraged or , that within two months drew video responses from hundreds including U. President Barack Obama, Vice President Biden, White House staff, and several cabinet secretaries. In May of 2018, London claimed that the drill videos that talk about give rise to the gang-related violence. YouTube deleted 30 music videos after the complaint. Promotion of conspiracy theories and fringe discourse YouTube has been criticized for using an algorithm that gives great prominence to videos that promote conspiracy theories, falsehoods and incendiary fringe discourse. When users show a political bias in what they choose to view, YouTube typically recommends videos that echo those biases, often with more-extreme viewpoints. In 2018, it was reported that YouTube was again promoting fringe content about breaking news, giving great prominence to conspiracy videos about Anthony Bourdain's death. In 2017, it was revealed that advertisements were being placed on extremist videos, including videos by rape apologists, anti-Semites and hate preachers who received ad payouts. After firms started to stop advertising on YouTube in the wake of this reporting, YouTube apologized and said that it would give firms greater control over where ads got placed. Alex Jones, known for far-right conspiracy theories, has built a massive audience on YouTube. In January 2012, it was estimated that visitors to YouTube spent an average of 15 minutes a day on the site, in contrast to the four or five hours a day spent by a typical US citizen watching television. The move was seen as an attempt to compete with other providers of online subscription services such as and Hulu. In 2017, viewers on average watch YouTube on mobile devices for more than an hour every day. Advertisement partnerships YouTube entered into a marketing and advertising partnership with in June 2006. In March 2007, it struck a deal with for three channels with BBC content, one for news and two for entertainment. In November 2008, YouTube reached an agreement with , , and , allowing the companies to post full-length films and television episodes on the site, accompanied by advertisements in a section for U. The move was intended to create competition with websites such as Hulu, which features material from NBC, , and. In January 2010, YouTube introduced an online film rentals service, which is only available to users in the United States, Canada, and the UK as of 2010. The service offers over 6,000 films. Partnership with video creators In May 2007, YouTube launched its Partner Program YPP , a system based on which allows the uploader of the video to share the revenue produced by advertising on the site. YouTube typically takes 45 percent of the advertising revenue from videos in the Partner Program, with 55 percent going to the uploader. There are over a million members of the YouTube Partner Program. Usually no more than half of eligible videos have a pre-roll advertisement, due to a lack of interested advertisers. In 2013, YouTube introduced an option for channels with at least a thousand subscribers to require a paid subscription in order for viewers to watch videos. In April 2017, YouTube set an eligibility requirement of 10,000 lifetime views for a paid subscription. On January 16, 2018, the eligibility requirement for monetization was changed to 4,000 hours of watchtime within the past 12 months and 1,000 subscribers. The move was seen as an attempt to ensure that videos being monetized did not lead to controversy, but was criticized for penalizing smaller YouTube channels. The trophies made of nickel plated copper-nickel alloy, golden plated brass, silver plated metal and ruby are given to channels with at least one hundred thousand, a million, ten million and fifty million subscribers, respectively. If a video receives this status, ad revenue will be canceled for the video in question, and the video will have a yellow coin symbol in the Partner's YouTube dashboard. Revenue to copyright holders Further information: Much of YouTube's revenue goes to the copyright holders of the videos. In 2010, it was reported that nearly a third of the videos with advertisements were uploaded without permission of the copyright holders. YouTube gives an option for copyright holders to locate and remove their videos or to have them continue running for revenue. In May 2013, began enforcing its copyright ownership and claiming the advertising revenue from video creators who posted screenshots of its games. In February 2015, Nintendo agreed to share the revenue with the video creators. YouTube has a set of community guidelines aimed to reduce abuse of the site's features. Generally prohibited material includes sexually explicit content, videos of animal abuse, , content uploaded without the copyright holder's consent, hate speech, spam, and predatory behavior. Despite the guidelines, YouTube has faced criticism from news sources for content in violation of these guidelines. Copyrighted material At the time of uploading a video, YouTube users are shown a message asking them not to violate copyright laws. Despite this advice, there are still many unauthorized clips of copyrighted material on YouTube. YouTube does not view videos before they are posted online, and it is left to copyright holders to issue a pursuant to the terms of the. Any successful complaint about copyright infringement results in a. Three successful complaints for against a user account will result in the account and all of its uploaded videos being deleted. Organizations including , , and the English have filed lawsuits against YouTube, claiming that it has done too little to prevent the uploading of copyrighted material. During the same court battle, Viacom won a court ruling requiring YouTube to hand over 12 terabytes of data detailing the viewing habits of every user who has watched videos on the site. In June 2010, Viacom's lawsuit against Google was rejected in a summary judgment, with U. Viacom announced its intention to appeal the ruling. On April 5, 2012, the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit reinstated the case, allowing Viacom's lawsuit against Google to be heard in court again. On March 18, 2014, the lawsuit was settled after seven years with an undisclosed agreement. In August 2008, a US court ruled in that copyright holders cannot order the removal of an online file without first determining whether the posting reflected of the material. In the case of , professional singer Matt Smith sued Summit Entertainment for the wrongful use of copyright takedown notices on YouTube. He asserted seven , and four were ruled in Smith's favor. In April 2012, a court in Hamburg ruled that YouTube could be held responsible for copyrighted material posted by its users. The performance rights organization argued that YouTube had not done enough to prevent the uploading of German copyrighted music. In April 2013, it was reported that and YouTube have a contractual agreement that prevents content blocked on YouTube by a request from UMG from being restored, even if the uploader of the video files a DMCA counter-notice. When a dispute occurs, the uploader of the video has to contact UMG. YouTube's owner Google announced in November 2015 that they would help cover the legal cost in select cases where they believe fair use defenses apply. Content ID See also: In June 2007, YouTube began trials of a system for automatic detection of uploaded videos that infringe copyright. Google CEO Eric Schmidt regarded this system as necessary for resolving lawsuits such as the one from , which alleged that YouTube profited from content that it did not have the right to distribute. The system, which became known as Content ID, creates an ID File for copyrighted audio and video material, and stores it in a database. When a video is uploaded, it is checked against the database, and flags the video as a copyright violation if a match is found. When this occurs, the content owner has the choice of blocking the video to make it unviewable, tracking the viewing statistics of the video, or adding advertisements to the video. Content ID accounts for over a third of the monetized views on YouTube. The use of Content ID to remove material automatically has led to in some cases, as the videos have not been checked by a human for fair use. If a YouTube user disagrees with a decision by Content ID, it is possible to fill in a form disputing the decision. Prior to 2016, videos weren't monetized until the dispute was resolved. Since April 2016, videos continue to be monetized while the dispute is in progress, and the money goes to whoever won the dispute. YouTube has cited the effectiveness of Content ID as one of the reasons why the site's rules were modified in December 2010 to allow some users to upload videos of unlimited length. Controversial content See also: , and YouTube has also faced criticism over the handling of offensive content in some of its videos. YouTube relies on its users to flag the content of videos as inappropriate, and a YouTube employee will view a flagged video to determine whether it violates the site's guidelines. Controversial content has included material relating to and the , in which 96 football fans from Liverpool were crushed to death in 1989. We educate our community on the rules and include a direct link from every YouTube page to make this process as easy as possible for our users. Given the volume of content uploaded on our site, we think this is by far the most effective way to make sure that the tiny minority of videos that break the rules come down quickly. July 2008 In October 2010, U. Congressman urged YouTube to remove from its website videos of imam. YouTube pulled some of the videos in November 2010, stating they violated the site's guidelines. In December 2010, YouTube added the ability to flag videos for containing terrorism content. Following media reports about , NSA's massive electronic surveillance program, in June 2013, several technology companies were identified as participants, including YouTube. According to leaks of said program, YouTube joined the PRISM program in 2010. In September 2016, after introducing an enhanced notification system to inform users of these violations, YouTube's policies were criticized by prominent users, including and. In March 2017, the government of the United Kingdom pulled its advertising campaigns from YouTube, after reports that its ads had appeared on videos containing extremism content. In early April 2017, the YouTube channel presented evidence claiming that a article had fabricated screenshots showing major brand advertising on an offensive video containing music overlaid on a music video, citing that the video itself had not earned any ad revenue for the uploader. The video was retracted after it was found that the ads had actually been triggered by the use of copyrighted content in the video. On January 16, 2018, YouTube announced tighter thresholds where creators must have at least 4,000 hours of watch time within the past 12 months and at least 1,000 subscribers. Child protection See also: and In 2017, YouTube was associated with several controversies related to. Their videos were eventually deleted, and two of their children were removed from their custody. Later that year, YouTube came under criticism for showing inappropriate videos targeted at children and often featuring popular characters in violent, sexual or otherwise disturbing situations, many of which appeared on and attracted millions of views. On November 11, 2017, YouTube announced it was strengthening site security to protect children from unsuitable content. Later that month, the company started to mass delete videos and channels that made improper use of family friendly characters. As part as a broader concern regarding child safety on YouTube, the wave of deletions also targeted channels which showed children taking part in inappropriate or dangerous activities under the guidance of adults. Most notably, the company removed , a channel with over 8. According to analytics specialist SocialBlade, it earned up to £8. Also in November 2017, it was revealed in the media that many videos featuring children — often uploaded by the minors themselves, and showing innocent content — were attracting comments from and circulating on the , with predators finding the videos by typing in certain keywords in Russian. User comments See also: Most videos enable users to leave comments, and these have attracted attention for the aspects of both their form and content. On November 6, 2013, Google implemented a comment system oriented on Google+ that required all YouTube users to use a Google+ account in order to comment on videos. The stated motivation for the change was giving creators more power to moderate and block comments, thereby addressing frequent criticisms of their quality and tone. The new system restored the ability to include in comments, which had previously been removed due to problems with abuse. In the same article Melvin goes on to say: Perhaps user complaints are justified, but the idea of revamping the old system isn't so bad. Think of the crude, misogynistic and racially-charged mudslinging that has transpired over the last eight years on YouTube without any discernible moderation. Isn't any attempt to curb unidentified libelers worth a shot? The system is far from perfect, but Google should be lauded for trying to alleviate some of the damage caused by irate YouTubers hiding behind animosity and anonymity. On July 27, 2015, Google announced in a blog post that it would be removing the requirement to sign up to a Google+ account to post comments to YouTube. On November 3, 2016, YouTube announced a trial scheme which allows the creators of videos to decide whether to approve, hide or report the comments posted on videos based on an that detects potentially offensive comments. Creators may also choose to keep or delete comments with links or hashtags in order to combat spam. They can also allow other users to moderate their comments. View counts In December 2012, two billion views were removed from the view counts of Universal and music videos on YouTube, prompting a claim by that the views had been deleted due to a violation of the site's terms of service, which ban the use of automated processes to inflate view counts. This was disputed by Billboard, which said that the two billion views had been moved to Vevo, since the videos were no longer active on YouTube. YouTube view counts once again updated in real time. Main article: As of 2017 , countries with standing national bans on YouTube are and , while blocks YouTube on only one. In some countries, YouTube is completely blocked, either through a long term standing ban or for more limited periods of time such as during periods of unrest, the run-up to an election, or in response to upcoming political anniversaries. In other countries access to the website as a whole remains open, but access to specific videos is blocked. In cases where the entire site is banned due to one particular video, YouTube will often agree to remove or limit access to that video in order to restore service. Businesses, schools, government agencies, and other private institutions often block social media sites, including YouTube, due to bandwidth limitations and the site's potential for distraction. The YouTube block came after a video was posted online that appeared to show an Iranian soap opera star having sex. The block was later lifted and then reinstated after. In 2012, Iran reblocked access, along with access to Google, after the controversial film trailer was released on YouTube. In November 2010, a video of the Turkish politician caused the site to be blocked again briefly, and the site was threatened with a new shutdown if it did not remove the video. During the two and a half-year block of YouTube, the video-sharing website remained the eighth-most-accessed site in Turkey. This led to a near global blackout of the YouTube site for around two hours, as the Pakistani block was inadvertently transferred to other countries. On February 26, 2008, the ban was lifted after the website had removed the objectionable content from its servers at the request of the government. Many Pakistanis circumvented the three-day block by using software. The ban was lifted on May 27, 2010, after the website removed the objectionable content from its servers at the request of the government. However, individual videos deemed offensive to Muslims posted on YouTube will continue to be blocked. 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